Conocimiento Enfermero
type: channel
description: Se trata de una revista científica de enfermería centrada en el análisis, desarrollo y aplicación de cuidados profesionales. Constituye la revista científica oficial del Colegio Oficial de Enfermería de Madrid (CODEM). Sus contenidos están exclusivamente dirigidos a reflejar la producción científica y profesional de la Enfermería y de otras ciencias relacionadas que aporten conocimientos en favor de la práctica avanzada de la disciplina enfermera, para lo que dispone de un Consejo editorial profesional e independiente que le permite garantizar el desarrollo de su labor bajo criterios científicos exclusivamente.
publisher: Colegio Oficial de Enfermería de Madrid
language: es
publication name: Conocimiento Enfermero
issn: 2605-3152
copyright: En caso de que el artículo sea publicado, los autores aceptan transferir todos los derechos del trabajo presentado, incluidos los derechos de autor y aquellos relativos a la transmisión electrónica, exclusivamente a CODEM, de manera universal, en todos los idiomas, una vez que el trabajo haya sido aceptado para su publicación dentro de la revista electrónica CONOCIMIENTO ENFERMERO. El autor podrá hacer copias ilimitadas del trabajo para uso docente, reutilizarlo en su totalidad o parcialmente en un libro escrito por el autor o hacer copias para su distribución en la institución en la que trabaja. CODEM hará mención al nombre del autor en las publicaciones que se realicen del trabajo.
items: Nutritional status, social network use and energy drink consumption in adolescents
items: Sleep quality and factors associated with sleep disruption in patients hospitalized
items: Perceptions of intensive nursing regarding prone maneuvers after the pandemic: study with focus groups
items: Interventions for preventing relapse and recurrence of a depressive disorder in children and adolescents (review)
items: Effectiveness of the implementation of a central venous catheter management program on the rate of bacteremia in hemodialysis
items: Prevalence of frailty in the elderly population from a social determinants of health perspective
items: Tutoring program for oncology day hospital nurses at The University Hospital 12 October
items: ¿What`s the best postpyloric tube insertion technique in pediatric patients? A literature review.
items: Effectiveness of nursing interventions on family caregiver overload in dependent older adults
items: Worries and stressors in adolescence
items: Nonverbal communication state of minimal conscinousnessSNESS
items: Influence of the use of social networks on alcohol consumption and anxiety in Nursing Students of the Complutense University of Madrid: descriptive observational study.
items: The role of nursing in multimodal rehabilitation programmes for patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
items: Anxiety in nurses in the COVID-19 pandemic. Evolution and sociolaboral and psychosocial variables involved
items: Relationship between gluten and ataxia in adults: systematic review
items: Analysis of the difficulties that nurses face in the care of trans*.
items: Evaluation of the attitude towards humor in healthcare professionals
items: The nurse navigator in the care of the oncological patient
items: Effect of a nursing educational intervention on the anxiety of patients subjecting to coronariography
items: Incidence and factors in the occurrence of pressure and moisture-associated injuries in patients with COVID-19
items: Migraine in women during climacteric: hormonal influence and treatment strategies
items: Spanish validation of the Empowerment of Parents in the Intensive Care-Neonatology questionnaire (EMPATHIC-N)
items: Project Zero Anxiety In The Operating Room: reduction of preoperative anxiety prior to breast lumpectomy through the implementation of virtual reality
items: Nurse-patient relationship in the quality of care of a sick
items: The Pediatric Stroke Code.
items: Knowledge of the population on the risk factors and identification of stroke
items: Quality of life in patients with cutaneous lymphoma under treatment with extracorporeal photoapheresis
items: THE PERCEPTION OF AGEISM AND FRAILTY IN THE ELDERLY POPULATION
items: Evaluación de glucemias en pacientes diabéticos en el preoperatorio inmediato y en el postoperatorio tras administración de bebida carbohidratada
items: Retrospective study of skin donors and recipients at Hospital La Paz from 2011 to March 2021

Nutritional status, social network use and energy drink consumption in adolescents
type: item
description: The popularity and consumption of energy drinks continue to increase among adolescents despite growing concerns about their negative health effects. Additionally, the intensive use of the Internet and changes in nutritional status represent health problems that are alarming to society. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the consumption of energy drinks, the use of social networks, and the nutritional status of adolescents, as well as their association with sociodemographic characteristics. A cross-sectional study was conducted, which included 74 students from an educational center in Spain. Sociodemographic characteristics, energy drink consumption, social network usage, nutritional status, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet were evaluated. The results show that 24.3% of adolescents consume energy drinks at least once a week.This consumption was higher among those studying Professional Training, not following a Mediterranean diet, or using series and movie platforms daily. 23% of students showed a risk of compulsive internet use, and 28.4% had an unhealthy weight. The consumption of energy drinks is frequent among adolescents, so it seems necessary to take measures aimed at increasing awareness of the risks of consuming such drinks in this population group. These results can help in the design and improvement of strategies to prevent the intake of unhealthy foods, especially energy drinks, in teenagers.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: Energy Drinks
  topic: keywords
subject: Adolescent
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutritional Status
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Networking
  topic: keywords
creator: Alicia Fuentes Martín
creator: Ismael Ortuño-Soriano
creator: Ignacio Zaragoza García
creator: Oscar Arrogante Maroto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
starting page: 17
ending page: 39
doi: 10.60108/ce.380

Sleep quality and factors associated with sleep disruption in patients hospitalized
type: item
description: INTRODUCTION: Lack of sleep and rest during the hospitalization period is a common problema that can aggravate the clinical situation of patients. The role of nursing professionals is key to promoting and facilitating quality care in the proper management of problems related to nighttime sleep. The factors that can influence can be environmental, social, psychological and physiological, therefore it is important to detect these triggering factors to be addressed through different pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures that can favor patients`rest during hospitalization. OBJECTIVE: To describe the quality of sleep of patients hospitalized, as well as identifying the factors that may be influencing it in order to implement a series of measures. METHOD: Quantitative, cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study by collecting data from the patients´medical history, completing the Richards-Campbell questionnaire, and a questionnaire on factors that can influence sleep quality. The information was analyzed using the SPSS v.26.0 statistical program. RESULTS: Sample 124 patients. 38,7% requiere taking hypnotic medication, 9,7% perform sleep higiene practices. Number of hours of sleep during admission 5,87. Regular quality sleep (according to scale). There were no statistically significant differences when relating the global assessment of sleep with sex or type of room, but there were differences when relating the global assessment with the previous intake of hypnotics and the days of hospital stay. The most disturbing factors are pain and worry about the illness. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep is considerably disturbed during hospital admission, decreasing quality (quality and fragmentation). To achieve quality nursing care we must provide an adequate night´s rest.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: Sleep Quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Sleep Disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: Inpatients
  topic: keywords
creator: Silvia Ortiz Molina
creator: Miriam Gazulla Tomás
creator: Mercedes Redondo Tienda
creator: Antonio Nevado Sarriá
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
starting page: 40
ending page: 64
doi: 10.60108/ce.379

Perceptions of intensive nursing regarding prone maneuvers after the pandemic: study with focus groups
type: item
description: Introduction: During the SARS-COV2 pandemic, prone maneuvers were common in intensive care units (ICUs). The exponential increase in Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) meant a greater need for pronation in seriously ill patients and, consequently, the need to implement protocolized guidelines encouraged by the need to adapt to the rapid pace of change in patient care and improvement. of the procedure. Objective: To analyze the perception of nursing professionals about how they perceive performing the prone maneuver after the implementation of the new protocols, after the pandemic. Methodology: Qualitative-phenomenological study carried out between July and September 2023 in an ICU, through intentional sampling, of a tertiary hospital. Data collected through focus groups of 5 participants (segmented by level of experience); They were subjected to a thematic-reflexive analysis (according to the Braun & Clarke strategy) after digital recording, transcription and subsequent coding. Results: Emerging themes were: 1) the importance of an experienced team; 2) the complexity of the technique and aftercare; 3) greater safety in practice after the pandemic and 4) discomfort among professionals due to the lack of clinical practice. Conclusions: The perceptions of professionals after the pandemic allow us to respond to the needs required by the personnel involved on the front line and learn from the mistakes made to improve patient safety and shorten the high learning curve of the technique.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: prone position
  topic: keywords
subject: critical care nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: qualitative research
  topic: keywords
subject: focus groups
  topic: keywords
creator: Francisco Paredes Garza
creator: Celia Sánchez Gamir
creator: Cristina Santos del Pino
creator: María López Poveda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
starting page: 65
ending page: 76
doi: 10.60108/ce.376

Interventions for preventing relapse and recurrence of a depressive disorder in children and adolescents (review)
type: item
description: Background. According to the WHO, depression is one of the most common mental disorders worldwide, affecting over 280 million people globally and approximately 20% of adolescents. An increase in the prevalence of depression in late adolescence has been observed, with an estimated 40% experiencing relapses after the first episode of MDD. Objectives. Updated meta-analysis based on the study conducted by Cox (1), to examine new trials published regarding the effectiveness of pharmacological and psychological interventions in reducing relapse and recurrence of MDD in children and adolescents. Methodology. A search was conducted in the databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and CENTRAL. We included RCTs examining the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions or psychotherapy for the prevention of an episode of MDD in children and adolescents. Participants had to have been diagnosed with MDD and be under 25 years of age. Main results. Three trials were included in the meta-analysis. Two compared the effect of antidepressant medication versus a combination of antidepressant medication and psychotherapy, demonstrating greater effectiveness of the combined treatment. One compared antidepressant medication versus placebo, showing greater efficacy of pharmacological treatment. Discussion. Teenage depression is a significant mental health issue globally. There is an observed need for conducting more rigorous trials, aiming for consistency in the results obtained, to help establish the best antidepressant treatment based on the characteristics of each teenager.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: Adolescent
  topic: keywords
subject: depression
  topic: keywords
subject: child
  topic: keywords
subject: prevention
  topic: keywords
subject: recurrence
  topic: keywords
creator: Alba Marquez García
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 59
ending page: 79
doi: 10.60108/ce.375

Effectiveness of the implementation of a central venous catheter management program on the rate of bacteremia in hemodialysis
type: item
description: Bacteremia related to tunnelled central venous catheters for hemodialysis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In Spanish units, the rate varies between 0.24 and 5.47 events per 1,000 catheter-days; this wide range reflects significant differences in clinical practice. According to Clinical Guidelines, a rate below 1 bacteremia per 1,000 catheter-days is considered excellent. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence on the bacteremia rate of a CVC management program during hemodialysis connection and disconnection (Bacteremia Zero Program). Using an analytical, observational, and retrospective approach, bacteremia rates were compared in the two years prior to the program implementation (2019 and 2020) with the two subsequent years (2021 and 2022). One hundred thirty tunnelled catheters in 102 patients were evaluated, revealing a significant reduction in the bacteremia rate from 1.62/1000 catheter-days before the program to 0.53/1000 catheter-days after its implementation. The establishment of the "Bacteremia Zero" program proved to be effective in reducing the bacteremia rate, approaching the excellence standards outlined in Clinical Guidelines. However, the study suggests the need to explore additional measures to achieve rates closer to the aspiration of "zero bacteremia."
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: Bacteremia
  topic: keywords
subject: Care (Desh)
  topic: keywords
subject: Central Venous Catheter
  topic: keywords
subject: Hemodialysis (Desh)
  topic: keywords
subject: Nurse (Desh)
  topic: keywords
subject: Central Venous Catheter
  topic: subjects
subject: Bacteremia
  topic: subjects
subject: Nurse (Desh)
  topic: subjects
subject: Care (Desh)
  topic: subjects
subject: Hemodialysis (Desh)
  topic: subjects
creator: Verónica Gimeno Hernán
creator: María Rosario del Pino Jurado
creator: Jose Antonio Herrero Calvo
creator: Carlos Fernández Fernández
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 6
ending page: 30
doi: 10.60108/ce.374

Prevalence of frailty in the elderly population from a social determinants of health perspective
type: item
description: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of frailty in the elderly population living in Spain and to analyse the influence of social determinants of health (SDH) of prevalence of frailty. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study in the elderly population living in the community. The sample was selected from those aged 64 years and older who answered to wave eight from the SHARE survey. The main outcome variable was frailty as measured by the Fried phenotype operationalised to SHARE-FI. The independent variables were SDH. Bivariate analysis was performed using non-parametric hypothesis testing and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Frailty was measured in 1470 people. The overall prevalence of frailty was 10.6 % (CI 95% 9-12.2), being 15% in women, three and a half times higher than in men, and 22.6% in those over 80 years of age. Some of the variables that were related to frailty were living alone (OR 2.38; CI 95% 1.89-3.01), limitations in ABVD (OR 11,09 CI 95% 7.59-16.18), loneliness (OR 3.01 CI 95% (2.39-3.79). Not having depression (OR 0.18 CI 95% 0.14-0.23) and having high quality of life (OR 0.18 CI95% 0.14-0.23) were protective factors against frailty. Conclusions: One in ten over 64 years is frail, there are differences in gender and age, with women and those over 80 years being the groups with the highest frailty. The SDH influenced the variability of frailty in the older population.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: Frailty
  topic: keywords
subject: Prevalence
  topic: keywords
subject: Aged
  topic: keywords
subject: Social determinants of health
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender Perspective
  topic: keywords
subject: Frailty
  topic: subjects
subject: Prevalence
  topic: subjects
subject: Aged
  topic: subjects
subject: Social determinants of health
  topic: subjects
subject: Gender Perspective
  topic: subjects
creator: Elena Morcillo Muñoz
creator: Montserrat Solís Muñoz
creator: González Blázquez Cristina
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 31
ending page: 58
doi: 10.60108/ce.355

Tutoring program for oncology day hospital nurses at The University Hospital 12 October
type: item
description: Introduction/Justification: The chronicity of cancer patients requires nursing care with competencies appropriate to their needs. In the absence of specialty, the evidence says that mentoring programs can be a clinical ladder in the acquisition of knowledge, skills and aptitudes. Main objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a tutoring program in the nurses of the Oncology Day Hospital of the Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Hypothesis: The implementation of a tutoring program increases the competencies and engagement of nursing professionals. Material and methods: mixed quasi-experimental study; Development of the study: From January to December, first phase: development of the training program and data collection; second phase: intervention through a training platform with ten modules and practical rotations through the different units of the service. Results: There were statistically significant differences in competencies (0.007) and in terms of engagement, it could not be said that the changes produced were due to the intervention. The lived experience allows us to get to know the other person and the different perspectives of the patient. Discussion: Continuous training is an obligation, also a right that should be provided by organizations. These programs with the help of an advanced practice nurse could be of great help, this study points to a change in competencies and lived experience yields data that leave open future lines of research and areas for improvement.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: Nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: mentoring
  topic: keywords
subject: mentorship
  topic: keywords
subject: preceptorship/methods
  topic: keywords
subject: patient care
  topic: keywords
subject: work engagement
  topic: keywords
creator: Francisca Rebollo Cicuéndez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
starting page: 18
ending page: 42
doi: 10.60108/ce.373

¿What`s the best postpyloric tube insertion technique in pediatric patients? A literature review.
type: item
description: Fluoroscopy, endoscopy, electromagnetic device and bedside are the 4 main insertion techniques for postpyloric feeding tubes. The first two methods are invasive and expensive. The third one is innovative and successful but requires training to use it. The last one results less effective due to a lack of consensus on the correct procedure, resulting in an increase in the number of attempts and radiation exposure. The objective of this study consists in analyzing the available literature about the different methods of insertion of postpyloric feeding tubes and the right procedure of the bedside insertion. A literature research has been carried out in different data bases with free terms of the last 10 years, selecting a total of 12 articles. For the bedside insertion a number of recommendations have been found to increase the percentage of success. Nursing training programs increase success rates and decrease patient unnecessary radiation. Some institutions have developed algorithms to prevent these radiations in pediatric patients and suggest the EM method as second line procedure or in patients with anatomical anomalies and the bedside method as first line procedure. Bedside is the suggested first line method due to its simplicity. It is necessary to establish protocols that help decrease unnecessary radiation exposure. There is scarce evidence about this topic and more research is needed.
subject: Estudios de revisión bibliográfica
  topic: section
subject: Enteral nutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: feeding
  topic: keywords
subject: enteral
  topic: keywords
subject: Pediatrics
  topic: keywords
subject: alimentación enteral
  topic: subjects
subject: sonda alimentación enteral
  topic: subjects
subject: pediatría
  topic: subjects
creator: Lucía Vicente García
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
starting page: 8
ending page: 17
doi: 10.60108/ce.372

Effectiveness of nursing interventions on family caregiver overload in dependent older adults
type: item
description: Objectives: To analyze the effectiveness of nursing interventions on the overload of the main family caregiver of the dependent elderly. Conclusions: Interventions are effective in reducing levels of overload. Improving problem-solving skills, increasing assertive communication skills and receiving basic information about the care needs to be encountered strengthen caregivers' ability to assume their role and prevent overload.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: dependent elderly
  topic: keywords
subject: informal caregiver
  topic: keywords
subject: overload
  topic: keywords
subject: nursing interventions
  topic: keywords
creator: Séfora Brito Cárdenes
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
starting page: 52
ending page: 68
doi: 10.60108/ce.371

Worries and stressors in adolescence
type: item
description: Introduction After the pandemic, there has been an increase in mental health-related consultations by the adolescents to the reference nurses of the programme “Salut i Escola” Aim The aim of this article is to analyse the concerns and stressors experienced by adolescents. Methodology This investigation has been approached as a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicentre study, in which 163 adolescents in 4th year of ESO from 3 differents high schools in Terrassa participated. In order to achieve a better understanding, the measurement instruments implemented during the research were: the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire to measure their worries, the Coping Scale for Adolescents that assesses coping strategies, an ad hoc questionnaire on their support links, and risk behaviors were analysed by using the World School Health Survey. Outputs The main concerns of the adolescents were those related to their future (55,8%), school performance (50,9%) and family conflicts (49,1%). With regards to coping strategies, the most commonly used were: feelings of worry (52,2%), feelings of effort (58,9%) and achievement along with the use of physical activities as a distraction (54%). From a gender perspective, the female population has reported higher levels of stress and less effective coping strategies (p=0,000). Conclusions This study has concluded that the results are related to others previous, which leads us to conceive that the increase in mental health consultations could be due to the demystification of the stigma attached to it. Primary Care can meet this demand by designing an intervention that responds to the concerns expressed by adolescents and by promoting effective coping strategies.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: stress
  topic: keywords
subject: concerns
  topic: keywords
subject: adolescents
  topic: keywords
subject: coping strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Paula Recuero Hiniesto
creator: Patricia Rial Lorenzo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
starting page: 9
ending page: 16
doi: 10.60108/ce.325

Nonverbal communication state of minimal conscinousnessSNESS
type: item
description: Communication is the fundamental element to establish the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship, which allows us to establish objectives, evaluate care and provide feedback on the needs identified in the day-to-day work of our professional work, in the specific field of care for neurological patients. Being able to communicate with them, it is a challenge for the multidisciplinary team, which brings us closer to non-verbal communication. This communication is not assessed in the scales used, where only verbal communication is assessed, with a bias towards aphasic people and those in transition stages; with consistent and inconsistent reactions. Through personal experience in caring for patients in the brain damage unit, a state of minimal consciousness, I have made this instrument proposal to assess the response obtained during daily interaction with nonverbal communication, to establish individual objectives and goals in his rehabilitation.
subject: Cartas al director y comunicaciones breves
  topic: section
subject: nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: brain damage unit
  topic: keywords
subject: non verbal communication
  topic: keywords
creator: Yasmid Sandoval Cardona
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
starting page: 3
ending page: 8
doi: 10.60108/ce.326

Influence of the use of social networks on alcohol consumption and anxiety in Nursing Students of the Complutense University of Madrid: descriptive observational study.
type: item
description: Justification: Social networks have become a fundamental part of the lives of young people. It has been shown that its high use affects to health. In addition, this population presents a high consumption of alcohol and high levels of anxiety. Objectives: Describe the relationship between the use of social networks and alcohol consumption and anxiety levels in students. Methodology: Descriptive observational study carried out during the 2021/2022 academic year with students who were administered questionnaires that evaluated the level of addiction to social networks, alcohol consumption and anxiety. Bivariate Pearson correlations are calculated to find out the linear relationship. Results: 75 responses were obtained. The data reflect that excessive use of social networks is related to alcohol consumption (p= 0.031). There is also a possible association between obsession with social networks and symptoms of alcohol dependence (p=0.05). It can be seen that the greater the obsession and lack of personal control over social networks, the higher the levels of anxiety the participants would present. Conclusion: Addiction to social networks could be related to alcohol consumption and anxiety. Future studies are necessary to study the causality of these relationships.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: Social network
  topic: keywords
subject: alcohol
  topic: keywords
subject: anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: students
  topic: keywords
subject: health education
  topic: keywords
creator: Almudena Buerba Díaz
creator: Ismael Ortuño Soriano
creator: Ignacio Zaragoza García
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
starting page: 59
ending page: 76
doi: 10.60108/ce.324

The role of nursing in multimodal rehabilitation programmes for patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
type: item
description: The ERACS (Enhance Recovery After Cardiac Surgery) protocol is a multimodal rehabilitation program in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It includes preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative strategies based on scientific evidence that improve the recovery and functionality of patients after surgery. Based on challenges, strategies and humanization in the preoperative phase such as anxiety, experiences and concerns of the patient, carrying out personalization of care, clear and effective communication, psychological interventions and prehabilitation. To transform the preoperative phase into an empathetic and person-centered experience not only benefits the patient but also strengthens the quality of the health system.
subject: Cartas al director y comunicaciones breves
  topic: section
creator: Cristina López Barral
creator: Javier Rodríguez Lega
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
starting page: 3
ending page: 7
doi: 10.60108/ce.322

Anxiety in nurses in the COVID-19 pandemic. Evolution and sociolaboral and psychosocial variables involved
type: item
description: Introduction: Although previous research points to the prevalence of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare professionals, longitudinal studies on post- pandemic anxiety and the variables involved are less abundant. Objective: To examine the evolution of anxiety in Spanish nurses from the beginning of the pandemic until one and a half years later, analyzing the influence of sociolaboral and psychosocial variables. Methodology: Prospective longitudinal design with three periods of data collection in which generalized anxiety (GAD-7) was evaluated, as well as sociolaboral and psychoemotional variables (i.e. social support, self-efficacy and resilience) in nurses in direct contact with COVID-19 patients. Results: There is a high prevalence of anxiety, with a clear decrease throughout the periods studied (F=34.837, p<.001). An association is observed between anxiety and certain sociodemographic and occupational variables (i.e. years of experience, p=.037; COVID-19 symptomatology, p=.039; availability of PPE, p=.011; workload, p<.001; family contagiousness concern, p=.009). Anxiety maintains negative relationships with social support (p<.001), self-efficacy (p<.001) and resilience (p=.011). Interaction effects are observed between the evolution of anxiety and friends' social support (F=5.794, p=.004). Discussion: Social support, self-efficacy and resilience act as buffers of anxiety. Friends' social support influences the evolution of it. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the need to implement specific interventions to promote the mental well-being of health professionals, particularly in crisis contexts such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: COVID-19 pandemic
  topic: keywords
subject: anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: psychological resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: social support
  topic: keywords
subject: self- efficacy
  topic: keywords
creator: Fernanda Gil-Almagro
creator: Fernando José García-Hedrera
creator: Francisco Javier Carmona-Monge
creator: Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
starting page: 41
ending page: 58
doi: 10.60108/ce.323

Relationship between gluten and ataxia in adults: systematic review
type: item
description: Introduction. Gluten proteins, in susceptible individuals, can directly or indirectly damage nerve networks, the central and/or peripheral nervous system being the first systems to be affected. One of the immune-mediated diseases caused by gluten ingestion is gluten ataxia, an idiopathic sporadic ataxia that is prominent in individuals who are sensitive and genetically susceptible to gluten exposure. Gluten ataxia may occur with or without enteropathy, and results from immunological damage to the cerebellum by antibodies against gluten. Objectives. The overall objective of the review is to examine whether there is a relationship between gluten intake and ataxia in adults. The specific objectives are 1) to describe the relationship between gluten and the nervous system, 2) to define 'gluten ataxia' and 3) to examine gluten-related treatments for ataxia. Material and methods. Bibliographic review of the main international databases: PubMed, Academic search complete, Cinhal, proQuest, ScienceDirect and SCOPUS, with scientific articles published from 2017 to 2021. Results. In the literature search carried out between July and October 2021, 515 articles were found. After filtering and applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 14 articles were finally selected and used to perform the review. Conclusions. Gluten ataxia is not well known either by health professionals or by the general population. However, several studies suggest that the gluten-free diet could be an effective treatment for gluten ataxia.
subject: Trabajos fin de grado y/o postgrado de Enfermería
  topic: section
subject: Gluten ataxia
  topic: keywords
subject: celiac disease
  topic: keywords
subject: gluten sensitivity
  topic: keywords
subject: gluten-free diet.
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Montiel Lopez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 80
ending page: 99
doi: 10.60108/ce.320

Analysis of the difficulties that nurses face in the care of trans*.
type: item
description: Introduction: Trans people show significative barriers in the healthcare that are perceived as prejudices and discrimination, or perhaps, as unknowledge or lack of formation by the heath staff. The objective of this study has been to know the necessities or conflicts that nurses have to face related to the health of trans people in order to offer them a similar treatment that ensures an equal attention and quality health cares. Objetive: The main objective in this investigation has been to know the limitations that nurses have to face in the attention to trans people in Madrid. Methodology: In the development of this study have been consulted different databases that have allowed us to contextualIze the trans reality. Subsequently, a questionnaire has been made in which have been included sociodemographic variables and a Negative Attitudes scale towards Trans people (EANT). The data have been considered using the chi – square proof in order to determine if there is a significative relation between the variables studied. Result: A total of 265 nurses completed the questionnaire. In the answers we can find a low level of transphobia. The results in the questionnaire show that nurses demand more information and sensitization to facilitate the healthcares. Discussion: The proposed hypothesis have not resulted statistically significative, but other findings have appeared that make evident the necessity to get a correct formation and to create attention protocols as other Autonomous Communities possess. Conclusion: It is important that nurses, as social agents, assume an active rol and they face to the current challenges. Each nurse can contribute in a significant way in the daily practice to generate a confort and security atmosphere for trans people.
subject: Trabajos fin de grado y/o postgrado de Enfermería
  topic: section
subject: nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: sexology
  topic: keywords
subject: trans
  topic: keywords
subject: sexual diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: inclusive healthcare
  topic: keywords
creator: Alexander Cano Lozano
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
starting page: 23
ending page: 40
doi: 10.60108/ce.319

Evaluation of the attitude towards humor in healthcare professionals
type: item
description: Introduction: Humour has a fundamental role as a resource for physical, mental, emotional and social well-being, both for patients and healthcare professionals. Objetive: To evaluate attitude towards humor in health professionals with the Multidimensional Scale of Humor in Healthcare Professionals (EMHUPS). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study at hospital. EMHUPS consists of 35 items divided into 8 factors: humor with the patient, humor at work, humor and care, humor in the private environment, training in humor, humor and the sanitary environment, demand for training in humor and humor and leisure. These factors explained a total variance of 60.99% with overall reliability of 0.88. The Chi-square test, the Student’s t-test, the ANOVA test or the non-parametric test was performed. A level of statistical significance was established at p<0,05. Results: 250 healthcare professionals participated. 87,60% women, 56,4% nurses, with an average age of 40,61 (11,40) years. EMHUPS correlates negatively and significantly with age. Significant differences are observed in EMHUPS between genders, marital status, professional service, work shift, type of contract, years of care experience and years of care experience in the current unit. No significant differences were observed in the professional category. Conclusions: Heathcare professionals’ attitudes towards humour varies depending on their cultural, social and labour contexts. This knowledge about humour is a key to planning and implementing measures to promote humour as a care and self-care strategy.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: Humour
  topic: keywords
subject: Self Care
  topic: keywords
subject: Mental Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Nursing
  topic: keywords
creator: Miriam Leñero Cirujano
creator: María Nieves Moro Tejedor
creator: Juan Ignacio Torres González
creator: Héctor González Ordi
creator: Jacinto Gómez Higuera
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2024-10-29
publication date: 2024-10-29
starting page: 3
ending page: 25
doi: 10.60108/ce.314

The nurse navigator in the care of the oncological patient
type: item
description: Over the past eight years, approximately 4,500 cancer patients have been treated at the Infanta Sofía University Hospital (HUIS) as nurse referents. The HUIS advanced practice oncology nurse has the ability to detect, prevent, and respond to patient needs, in collaboration and coordination with other services and social and healthcare settings, ensuring comprehensive, integrated, and efficient care to improve quality of life and the efficient use of resources. Supervises, investigates, manages, and leads patient care, ensuring its continuity. Promotes health education for patients and their families. Provides training sessions to nursing staff. The vast majority of patients required management tasks to accommodate therapeutic and diagnostic testing. Unscheduled care (both by phone and in person) has prevented patients from having to visit the emergency department or have to make an extra oncology appointment. Patients and their families are grateful for this work every day.
subject: Cartas al director y comunicaciones breves
  topic: section
creator: Yolanda Martín Jiménez
creator: Elena Jiménez Calvo
creator: Ana Isabel Garcia Matanzo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 3
ending page: 5
doi: 10.60108/ce.312

Effect of a nursing educational intervention on the anxiety of patients subjecting to coronariography
type: item
description: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization in 2019, nearly 9 million people (16%) died from this disease. In Spain, ischemic heart disease ranks second with over 29,000 deaths in 2022. Among the most commonly used diagnostic procedures is coronary angiography, which assesses the condition of coronary arteries. However, this can induce anxiety in patients due to perceived risk and lack of adequate information. Anxiety is a state of discomfort in perceived dangerous situations, such as disease diagnosis, pain, or fear of the unknown. Professionals often focus on technical aspects of procedures, and not in emotional well-being. Evidence supports that a preparation and education reduce anxiety. Hence, a study at Hospital Universitario La Princesa aims to investigate the effectiveness of nursing educational intervention in reducing anxiety and adverse events. Results showed that the educational intervention did not yield statistically significant differences between control and intervention groups; however, they experienced elevated anxiety levels during the test. Nevertheless, no procedures had to be suspended due to inadequate patient preparation. Although nursing educational interventions may not reduce anxiety levels in patients undergoing catheterization, they can contribute to improving understanding and coping with situations, enhancing the patient experience, and potentially health outcomes.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: Anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: intervention
  topic: keywords
subject: patient
  topic: keywords
subject: coronary angiography
  topic: keywords
creator: Isabel Montero Centeno
creator: Patricia Rocío Meneses Campos
creator: Rosa Maria Sánchez Villaverde
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2024-10-29
publication date: 2024-10-29
starting page: 26
ending page: 39
doi: 10.60108/ce.311

Incidence and factors in the occurrence of pressure and moisture-associated injuries in patients with COVID-19
type: item
description: Objective: To identify the incidence and determining factors in the appearance of these injuries in hospitalization units of adults with a diagnosis of COVID-19. Methodology: Observational, longitudinal, retrospective study using demographic and clinical variables of 2564 patients admitted for COVID-19 between 2020-2022. Student's t-test or Chi-square test was used to assess differences between groups and logistic regression models were developed. Results: COVID-19 case fatality in the sample was 11.6%. The incidence of CRLD was 8.7%, being higher in the ICU compared to inpatient wards (31.5% vs. 6.4%). Logistic regression models were performed, obtaining "days of admission" and "autonomy for activity" as the most determining factors for the appearance of any injury. Conclusions: the location of: sacrum, breasts, heels, ears, labial commissure and chin are shown to be frequent sites of injury appearance. Days of admission and patient autonomy are determining factors for the development of any injury
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: Wounds and Injuries
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: Pressure Injuries
  topic: keywords
subject: Moisture-Associated Skin Lesions
  topic: keywords
creator: Beatriz Helguero Valverde
creator: Azucena Cruz Braojos
creator: María Piedad López Calvo
creator: Fernando Neria Serrano
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2024-10-29
publication date: 2024-10-29
starting page: 46
ending page: 59
doi: 10.60108/ce.310

Migraine in women during climacteric: hormonal influence and treatment strategies
type: item
description: Migraine is a neurovascular disease whose symptoms can be exacerbated by hormonal fluctuations, such as estrogen deficiency that occurs during menstruation or perimenopause. A literature review was conducted in the PubMed database of articles published in English over the last 5 years with the aim of investigating the influence of hormonal changes on migraine in women during climacteric. The reviewed articles highlight that women with migraines have more sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, hypertension, and vasomotor symptoms during the menopausal transition. Regarding hormonal treatments, non-oral treatments with progesterone, such as the levonorgestrel IUD, are preferred since migraine is often associated with vomiting and the risk posed by using estrogen in women with cardiovascular risk factors. Finally, due to their safety, non-pharmacological treatments should not be underestimated, such as avoiding the use of coffee, tobacco, and alcohol, increasing the intake of magnesium and vitamin E-rich foods, or using herbal remedies like vitex agnus-castus.
subject: Estudios de revisión bibliográfica
  topic: section
subject: Migraine
  topic: keywords
subject: climacteric
  topic: keywords
subject: menopause
  topic: keywords
creator: Raquel Borrego Mateos
creator: Lidia Sanz Duran
creator: Irene Blanco Caballero
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
starting page: 43
ending page: 51
doi: 10.60108/ce.306

Spanish validation of the Empowerment of Parents in the Intensive Care-Neonatology questionnaire (EMPATHIC-N)
type: item
description: INTRODUCTION: There are few validated surveys that comprehensively measure parental satisfaction in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) and none of them in Spanish. The EMpowerment of PArents in THe Intensive Care Neonatology (EMPATHIC-N) instrument is presented as a satisfaction questionnaire that measures important practices regarding Family Centered Care (FCC). OBJECTIVES: To determine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the EMPATHIC-N to assess the satisfaction of parents of infants admitted to NICU and Intermediate Care (IC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study in a Spanish neonatal unit using surveys of parents of admitted infants. Inclusion criteria were: stay longer than 24 hours and informed consent. Parents whose child died, readmissions or language barrier were excluded. Previously, a pilot study was carried out with 8 parents to complete the cultural adaptation process. The psychometric evaluation was conducted as a cross-sectional observational study to determine reliability and convergent validity. RESULTS: Sixty-five surveys were collected. Cronbach's α was greater than 0.7, indicating high internal consistency. Validity was measured by correlating the 5 domains with the 4 general satisfaction items, demonstrating adequate correlation (rs: 0.4-0.76; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the EMPATHIC-N seems a valid and reliable instrument to measure parental satisfaction in neonatal units, but studies with larger samples are necessary to obtain definitive conclusions.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: neonatology
  topic: keywords
subject: satisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: intensive care and family
  topic: keywords
creator: Natalia Cuadrado Obregón
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2024-07-12
publication date: 2024-07-12
starting page: 44
ending page: 95
doi: 10.60108/ce.302

Project Zero Anxiety In The Operating Room: reduction of preoperative anxiety prior to breast lumpectomy through the implementation of virtual reality
type: item
description: Preoperative anxiety has been shown to present both peri- and postoperative complications.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: preoperative anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: virtual reality
  topic: keywords
subject: breast lumpectomy
  topic: keywords
subject: operating room nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: 360º tour
  topic: keywords
creator: Ana Muela Mercader
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2024-07-12
publication date: 2024-07-12
starting page: 14
ending page: 43
doi: 10.60108/ce.301

Nurse-patient relationship in the quality of care of a sick
type: item
description: The analysis explores the nurse-patient relationship and its influence on the quality of medical care. In the field of nursing, seen as a form of social interaction, the ability to communicate effectively and maintain professional standards is essential to direct care toward the patient. The importance of clear communication and intercultural understanding in the field of nursing is highlighted. Furthermore, it is highlighted that the nurse-patient bond, perceived as a therapeutic partnership, plays a vital role in improving health outcomes. The approach involves conducting a literature review of publications on nursing practices, ethical considerations, and communication, using academic databases. The findings underscore the need to provide comprehensive and moral medical care, in which communication and a caring relationship are essential to treat patients competently and compassionately.
subject: Cartas al director y comunicaciones breves
  topic: section
subject: Communication
  topic: keywords
subject: care
  topic: keywords
subject: nurse-patient and nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: nurse-patient
  topic: keywords
subject: nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Sciences
  topic: subjects
creator: Alexis Sanchez
creator: Litmer Manuel Ruíz Vargas
creator: Joe Silva Alva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
starting page: 3
ending page: 7
doi: 10.60108/ce.300

The Pediatric Stroke Code.
type: item
description: In recent years there has been a growth in knowledge of strokes in childhood, not only of the etiology but also of diagnostic and therapeutic methods. The importance of this entity lies in the morbidity and mortality it produces. Most signs and symptoms of Stroke are nonspecific and easily attributable to other causes. The absence of structured and updated protocols favors this high rate of undiagnosed cases. The main objective of this review is to analyze and update the knowledge about the health care provided to pediatric patients with stroke. For this, a review of the existing literature has been carried out, based on an exhaustive bibliographic search carried out in databases. After analyzing and comparing the different articles obtained from the bibliographic searches, it is concluded that the Stroke is one of the emerging public health problems. The real influence of certain risk factors, the effectiveness of prevention and the treatments used in these patients remain controversial issues. It is important to be able to determine the stroke mechanism and the age of presentation, because the cause and risk factor strongly influence the prognosis, and consequently, the treatment. The stroke constitutes the prevalent, potentially serious disease paradigm of avoidable consequences and whose prognosis depends on the speed and effectiveness of the actions, where nursing plays a fundamental role.
subject: Estudios de revisión bibliográfica
  topic: section
subject: Stroke
  topic: keywords
subject: protocols
  topic: keywords
subject: stroke code
  topic: keywords
subject: pediatric patient
  topic: keywords
subject: nursing
  topic: keywords
creator: Cristina Olmo Ruiz
creator: Gloria García Cañuelo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
starting page: 8
ending page: 22
doi: 10.60108/ce.298

Knowledge of the population on the risk factors and identification of stroke
type: item
description: Introduction: Stroke is an alteration of the cerebral circulation, caused by hemorrhage or ischemia. It supposes a high percentage of mortality and disability. Adequate prevention (knowledge of risk factors), identification (signs and symptoms of stroke alert) and early care will improve post-disease outcomes. Aim: To analyze the knowledge of non-healthcare population in the Community of Madrid about the identification and risk factors of stroke. Methods: Quantitative methodology, a descriptive study will be carried out using a questionnaire as a tool to collect information. The group choose among the population will be those that that belong to the municipalities that represent 87% within the Community of Madrid. Results and discussion: The study obtains 576 people, the sample is composed by those that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria, obtaining a total of 490 people. Their level of knowledge is analyzed, only 9.3% of the sample exceeds the approved level. We compare the results of those with previous experience in stroke versus those who do not (12% compared to 7% of approved), there is no significant difference.Conclusions: The results indicate a lack of knowledge, the null hypothesis is accepted and the need to carry out health education projects is evident.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: Stroke, cerebral infarction, neurology
  topic: keywords
creator: Paula Jiménez Briongos
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2024-04-24
publication date: 2024-04-24
starting page: 44
ending page: 67
doi: 10.60108/ce.293

Quality of life in patients with cutaneous lymphoma under treatment with extracorporeal photoapheresis
type: item
description: Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a rare type of hematological cancer that develops in white blood cells called T lymphocytes, more than two thirds of cases of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma are classified as Mycosis Fungoides or Sézary Syndrome.Little information is available on the impact on the quality of life of patients with cutaneous lymphomas and on the factors that influence it. Through this descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study carried out at Hospital 12 de Octubre, an attempt was made to find the relationship between photopheresis treatment and improvement in quality of life. Data was taken on 3 occasions during a period of 3 months. After the statistical analysis, it is observed how patients undergoing photopheresis have an improvement in the state and perception of their health, and how pruritus reduces its presence in some areas of the body.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: Cutaneous Lymphoma
  topic: keywords
subject: Quality of Life
  topic: keywords
subject: Mycosis Fungoides
  topic: keywords
subject: Sezary Syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: Aphaeresis
  topic: keywords
creator: Jose Enrique Del Castillo Lopez
creator: Alfonso Meneses Monroy
creator: María Esperanza Rayón Valpuesta
creator: Marta Hernández- Martín
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2024-07-12
publication date: 2024-07-12
starting page: 96
ending page: 107
doi: 10.60108/ce.291

THE PERCEPTION OF AGEISM AND FRAILTY IN THE ELDERLY POPULATION
type: item
description: To find out the perception of ageism in the institutionalized elderly population and to assess the differences in relation to the elderly population living in the community and to identify causes related with ageism and the influence of frailty and gender on the perception of ageism.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: Ageism
  topic: keywords
subject: Frailty
  topic: keywords
subject: Aged
  topic: keywords
subject: Homes for the Aged
  topic: keywords
subject: Adult Day Care Centers
  topic: keywords
creator: Elena Morcillo Muñoz
creator: Montserrat Solís Muñoz
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2024-04-24
publication date: 2024-04-24
starting page: 7
ending page: 29
doi: 10.60108/ce.290

Evaluación de glucemias en pacientes diabéticos en el preoperatorio inmediato y en el postoperatorio tras administración de bebida carbohidratada
type: item
description: Preoperative fasting and surgical stress can induce insulin resistance and postoperative hyperglycemia. Oral carbohydrate intake prior to surgery may attenuate the catabolic response induced by surgery and fasting and reduce postoperative insulin resistance. These carbohydrate drinks should be given equally in type II diabetic patients and should be given together with their usual anti-diabetic medication. The main objectives were to analyze the glycemia levels of the patients (according to the drug administered) after the intake of carbohydrate beverages and to evaluate the complications of the surgical wound. This is an observational, prospective, comparative (before and after), longitudinal study that analyzes 29 patients, comparing the glycemia of those who have metformin discontinued 24 hours before surgery and those who are suspended 5 days before the intervention, replacing it with sitagliptin. Statistically significant results were found, as evidenced in this table, between capillary glycemia at the end of the operating room and two hours after surgery (0.028 and 0.002 respectively) and between the complications of suture dehiscence and the surgical wound (0.016 in both variables). We concluded that patients who received sitagliptin (substitution of metformin for sitagliptin) reduced the risk of hyperglycemia after the administration of carbohydrate drink as well as decreased postoperative complications.
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: carbohydrates
  topic: keywords
subject: metformin
  topic: keywords
subject: sitagliptin
  topic: keywords
subject: hyperglycaemia
  topic: keywords
creator: Natalia Mudarra García
creator: Francisco García Sánchez
creator: Almudena Monteagudo Alvarez del Valle
creator: Mónica Romero Pineda
creator: Visitación Izquierdo Izquierdo
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2024-10-29
publication date: 2024-10-29
starting page: 40
ending page: 45
doi: 10.60108/ce.287

Retrospective study of skin donors and recipients at Hospital La Paz from 2011 to March 2021
type: item
description: Introduction. The "gold standard" of burns are allografts. In this study, this technique was analyzed for 10 years at Hospital La Paz. Objectives. To study the interannual variation of the donated, grafted and discarded skin surface. To analyze the relationship between the body surface area burned (SCQ) with the cm2 of skin injected, with the length of hospital stay and with the outcome of discharge or death of the recipients. Study the abundance and percentage of injury mechanisms and the rate of contamination by microorganisms. Material and methods. Retrospective study of 143 cadaveric donors and 62 recipients of cadaveric skin from 2011 to March 2021, at Hospital La Paz. Results/Discussion. The surface of donated and injected skin increased significantly until 2017 and started from that year. SCQ was significantly correlated with injected skin area, length of hospital stay, and was significantly higher in recipients who died. The most common injury mechanisms were those caused by flame in a closed space. Regarding contamination by microorganisms, it was higher in the demonstration stage than in the processing stage (10,32% vs. 6,4%).
subject: Estudios originales
  topic: section
subject: burn; bank skin; cadaver skin allograft; receiver.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ana Belén Villarrubia Martínez
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Conocimiento Enfermero
date: 2024-01-24
publication date: 2024-01-24
starting page: 09
ending page: 25
doi: 10.60108/ce.285